External and Internal Environments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

External and Internal Environments - Assignment Example The study discussed the different strategies followed by the organization to utilize their strength and opportunities and eliminate their threats and weaknesses. The final discussion of this report is based on the analysis of its value chain with the help of the resource, capabilities and core competencies. The different external environment such as politically-economical, legal, social, technological and environmental factors have an important effect on the business decisions of AT&T. The economic and technological factors play the most influential role in the business decision of AT&T (Crandall, 2000). High inflation and interest rates are affecting the overall growth of the economy of the US. Different players of the telecommunication industry are reporting the decline in the profit margin due to the increase in competition and higher interest rate. The increase in disposable income is allowing the consumers to seek for better telecommunication facilities to match their fast life. The increasing demand of customers is directly affecting competition within the telecommunication leaders of US market. The different economical trends and currency rates of all the partner countries has affected the business decision of the organization. AT&T needs to have different market strategies as per the economical differences of all the outsourced countries (Crandall, 2000). The rapid growth of technology has an extensive impact on the business decisions of the telecommunication industry. Most of the organizations are investing to improve their research and development facilities to offer the latest technologies to their customers. The maturity of the technology is also affecting the business decisions of this industry. Most of the technological developments are facing maturity stage very fast due to the introduction of more innovative facilities. The organisation also needs to focus on the global technological trends to sustain their global customers.  

Poetry Essay Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay Essay Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is an ancient form that has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define. Poetry is sometimes hard to understand but other times its as easy as one, two, and three. Sometimes people turn to poetry to vent their feelings, to tell their high school sweetheart they still love them, to get over grief and etc. Poetry can be inspirational and motivating. Poetry can be anything you want it to be. The plot of Watch by Frank Outlaw tells us that we should be careful about what we do and to choose wisely what we act on. One of the poetic devices in this poem is assonance. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. The vowel sounds repeated in this poem are: A, E, I, O and U. Another poetic device found in this poem is imagery. Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to the senses. The poem is titled Watch, so I believe therefore, watch would be considered as imagery. This poem appeals to me because I agree that we should watch what we do, before we do that particular thing. The plot of The Greatest Artist by Udiah tells us that God is one of a kind and can create the most beautiful things in this world. It also tells us that only God can create the beautiful things on this Earth. The sky is Gods canvas to a beautiful masterpiece. It also states that whenever we are sad, he puts a smile across our face to let us know Hes there. One poetic device in this poem is rhyme. Rhyme is the similarity of ending sounds exsisting between two words. Some of the rhyming words are: compare and air, above and glove, fair and there. Another poetic device is metaphor. Metaphor is the comparison between two objects with the intent of giving clearer meaning to one of them. One of the metaphors in this poem is: God is the greatest artist. This poem appeals to me because I agree that God is the one and only who can create the most unique things and we always know hes watching us with open eyes. The plot of Before You by William Arthur Ward tells us that we should think before we do. It also tells us that we should learn from different situations. Another thing it teaches is that we should use patience before expressing our thoughts. One of the poetic devices in this poem is repetition. Repetition is the repeating of words or phrases. The repetition in this poem is before you. Another poetic device is assonance. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. The vowel sounds repeated in this poem are: A, E, I, O and U. This poem appeals to me because I agree that we should think before we act. I dedicate this poetry book to my mom. I included certain poems because poetry has such a special meaning for a special person. She is a true genuine person with a great attitude towards life. Who expresses emotions profoundly through words. I included certain poems because of the motivation and inspiration they have. Im most inspired by Adele, Adele is a famous London singer, who expresses music through her heartfelt experiences.

Flannery O Conner Essay -- essays research papers

Flannery O'Connor was born in Savannah Georgia, on March 25, 1925. In her works she portrays the southern character and atmosphere. Her obsession with the grotesque is revealed in the dark and morbid plots of her stories. In the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† she uses Christianity as a fundamental thesis. The search for the meaning of the Christian faith in the story is based on her view that modern society was changing for the worst. O’Connor views the lifestyles of the elite Southern people to be a front. This story focuses on Christianity being filled with sin and punishment, good and evil, belief and unbelief. The grandmother fully tells her opinion as she tries to convince the Misfit that he is a good Christian man before he kills her. The grandmother is representative of Christianity which O’Connor apparently believed to be more hypocritical than prevalent in the traditional Old South, â€Å"the grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace, and at her neckline, she pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady†(138). In this reading, the prominence is on purity and southern Christianity as if she is getting ready to attend church. The grandmother displays the proper image of a southern Chr...

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Justice Penny White of Tennessee, lost her retention election in 1996 after the Tennessee Conservative Union campaigned against her, saying she was soft on crime and capital punishment. A retention election is beneficial because it eliminates Justices that feel pity or emotion towards cases and/or people. Justice White for example ordered a new death sentence hearing for the case of State v. Odom and was knocked off the bench in a retention election because of her decision. This retention election process is beneficial because it allows citizens to retain judges who are doing significantly. It also allows us as citizens to vote off Judges who we think are doing poorly or do not represent us as a whole. Justice Penny White was voted off the ballot because citizen did not like the decision she made in the case on State v. Odom. Churches formed prayer circles to call community members stating that they would vote no for Justice White because she is evil. (Denver Bar Assoc iation.) White was opposed by a variety of victims' right groups as well as by Republic governor Don S... Essay examples -- Justice Penny White of Tennessee, lost her retention election in 1996 after the Tennessee Conservative Union campaigned against her, saying she was soft on crime and capital punishment. A retention election is beneficial because it eliminates Justices that feel pity or emotion towards cases and/or people. Justice White for example ordered a new death sentence hearing for the case of State v. Odom and was knocked off the bench in a retention election because of her decision. This retention election process is beneficial because it allows citizens to retain judges who are doing significantly. It also allows us as citizens to vote off Judges who we think are doing poorly or do not represent us as a whole. Justice Penny White was voted off the ballot because citizen did not like the decision she made in the case on State v. Odom. Churches formed prayer circles to call community members stating that they would vote no for Justice White because she is evil. (Denver Bar Assoc iation.) White was opposed by a variety of victims' right groups as well as by Republic governor Don S...

The newly theory of educationalists

Harmonizing the freshly theory of educationists at place and aboard said that the best age to larn L2 is from 4 to 12 year-old. During these times, most kids have entered simple school. Therefore, it is an indispensable for simple school pupils to put up English lesson, which has become a tendency in most metropoliss in China including their rural topographic points. And the National Ministry of Education issued a papers, which said that bit by bit offer English class in simple school from Grade Three, in 2001. In this new course of study criterion, emotional factors in instruction and acquisition are listed in the top topographic point for the ground that linguistic communication acquisition can non go from the emotion.1.1 The importance of survey students ‘ anxiousnessThere are legion grounds for believing that the influence of anxiousness is really of import in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. First, anxiousness is by and large seen as a psychological construct and has been explored by research workers. Spielberg ( 1966 ) defines anxiousness as subjective, consciously sensed feelings of apprehensiveness and tenseness, accompanied by or associated with activation or rousing of the autonomic nervous system. Gardner and MacIntyre ( 1993 ) think, linguistic communication larning anxiousness is the tense and awe emotion in L2 context ( including speech production, listening, reading and composing ) . This anxiousness is connected straight with public presentation in the mark linguistic communication, so non simply a general public presentation anxiousness. Second, students ‘ character has specialness in L2 for they are at advantage in L2 larning. They are characterized by good stimulation, memory and version. Those who begin to larn L2 at an early age are able to do greater accomplishment than those who begin to larn when they are grownups. However, students may hold some disadvantages in L2: undeveloped intelligence, deficiency of self-denial and could non know apart mistakes from their equals and even their instructors with low learning quality and narrow cognition. Besides, different emotion has different impact on L2 acquisition. Harmonizing the research of Eills ( 2000 ) students who are motivated by promotive anxiousness could dispute the new undertaking, arouse their possible and overcome troubles, therefore they get L2 larning success. In contrast, negative emotions and attitudes, such as the psychological science of inordinate pendency, timidness and introvertive personality, particularly anxiousness, will act upon L2 ac quisition and merely receive litter input. â€Å" Anxiety tends to non successful L2 acquisition † ( Arnoldi2000, p.292 ) . Third, students ‘ emotion, American psychological linguists Krashen ‘s 5th premise, is involved the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition and filters linguistic communication input merely like a protection screen commanding the input variables and inhaled measure that they could touch. Therefore, anxiousness, as a negative emotion factor, badly affects simple pupils ‘ motive in English acquisition. Krashen ( 1982 ) besides clearly indicates that students ‘ emotional filtering device through impacting its input variables. Thus the higher acquisition anxiousness, the more the input prevented by the affectional filter device which leads to linguistic communication learning failure ( Krashen, 1985 ) . Spielberg ( 1996 ) surveies show that 20 % pupils give up because of anxiousness and although 6 % of them is merely mild anxiousness. By understanding the correlativity between the linguistic communication anxiousness ( LA ) and English speech production proficiency of students, instructors can assist cut down the pupils ‘ degree of LA and bring forth better acquisition effects in the low-anxiety 1eaming environment. It is hoped that the findings will pull instructors ‘ attending to pupils ‘ tilting demands and acknowledge what and why students like to make in classroomi?Z The concluding and necessary significance is to acquire the pedagogical solutions based on writer ‘s research and cognize how to supply a low dying environment for the pupils and do them larn English more expeditiously and happy.1.2 The background of researching students ‘ anxiousnessAnxiety plays a nucleus in linguistic communication acquisition. Decreasing the negative consequence of anxiousness and sensible use of anxiousness have become indispensable parts of L2 larning. Therefore, students ‘ anxiousness has now drawn much attending from both linguists and linguistic communication instructors. In other words the importance of students ‘ anxiousness has received more and more attending in the past 20 old ages or so. From late 1970s to 1980s, some bookmans showed their concerns about affectional spheres. Many theories such as Krashen ‘s proctor theoretical account discuss the important function of affectional variables. In Krashen ‘s theoriesithe good known affectional filter hypothesis describes the relationship between affectional factors and L2 acquisition. The natural attack by Krashen and Terrell ( 1983 ) is an case, which is designed to assist novices go intermediates. It provides comprehendible input to scholars by following different sorts of techniques and activities. Bailey ( 1983 ) analyzed that the LA is caused by competition, scrutiny and interpersonal relationship between instructors and students. Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope ( 1986 ) were the first to handle foreign LA separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition. Since 1990s, researches into anxiousness survey began bit by bit have become a focal point of present survey. MacIntyre wrote, in 1999, that â€Å" the term foreign LA, or more merely LA, was merely get downing to be used in the literature † . Trait anxiousness has been improved to impact cognitive functioningidisrupt memory, lead to avoidance behaviour and some other effects ( MacIntyre & A ; Gardner 1991 a ) . Gardner and MacIntyre stated that the strongest ( negative ) correlative of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the negative correlativity of anxiousness with the undermentioned: self-esteem, i.e. , the judgement of one ‘s ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1 986 ; Price 1991 ; Scarcella and Oxford 1 992 ) Since now, Chinese bookmans besides begin to concentrate on anxiousness in acquisition and instruction. Liu Meihua and Shen Mingbo ( 2004 ) pointed out that there were two sorts of anxiousness in English schoolroom: trait anxiousness and environment anxiousness. Both of them influenced the pupils ‘ unwritten English public presentation negatively. Zhang Baoyan ( 1996 ) made a research on the correlativity between LA and listening proficiency among 40 Chinese college pupils. However, much of the research is frequently focused on certain facets and much of it is used for college pupils, high school pupils or secondary school pupils and seldom used for simple. Over the past old ages, there were legion surveies on students ‘ anxiousness of L2, but most of them focused on either college degree ( Aida, 1994 ; Ganschow et a1. , 1994 ) or high school degree ( Chang, 1999 ; Ganschow & A ; Sparks 1996 ; Liao 1999 ) . Few of them paid attending to primary school degree except the su rvey of Chan and Wu ( 2000 ) . The anxiousness is closely related with students ‘ motive in English acquisition. The proper anxiousness could imitate students to get the better of troubles and to prosecute deeper cognition, while inordinate anxiousness work stoppages pupils simulations of English acquisition. In the facet of encouragement, the congratulations is able to imitate immature scholars ‘ larning involvement and positive emotion, give rise to and so beef up larning motive and eventually do them take enterprises and to develop their accomplishments and abilities. In a word, encouragement could decrease students ‘ anxiousness in L2. And this English acquisition tide is farther encouraged by an of importII Problems of Teaching and Learning English Existing in simple SchoolsThe fact that English has become one of the focal points of kids instruction in China is undeniable. However there are several jobs still at that place.2.1 Problems from facets of English instructionFrom the â€Å" instr uction † facet: 1 ) LA in learning is non adequate solid. The New Curriculum Criteria enhances learning ends, taking at spoken linguistic communication, unit of ammunition grammar applying, vocabulary memorizing and all the ends which can better the simple school pupils ‘ public presentation in larning English. Hence some of the instructors neglect the importance of students ‘ LA. 2 ) The positive influence of anxiousness has been looked down. Most instructors think any anxiousness is negative in learning. However, the proper anxiousness helps to hike students ‘ motive on English acquisition, which is good for instructor to take advantage of this positive influence to imitate students ‘ involvement.2.2 Problems from facets of English acquisitionFrom the â€Å" acquisition † facet, 1 ) Elementary school ‘s English has no scrutiny force per unit area of come ining a higher school. The individual rating instrument leads to the deficiency of pupils ‘ motive to larn. Many pupils merely interested in larning for a piece, and with the addition of analyzing trouble, the more learning, the more hard. Gradually they lose their acquisition involvements and make a sense of failure, therefore lose the assurance in larning English. 2 ) As instructors neglect to pay their attending to students ‘ anxiousness, consequence in instructors ‘ taking vocabulary, grammar for their chief instruction undertakings. It does non suit the psychological features and larning features of students. 3 ) Class limited. Since merely three hours of a hebdomad, students ‘ anxiousness aroused from the category could non be fleet lessened in category, therefore they begin to mistrust their capableness for L2, which draw them experience a weary of L2.III Language anxiousness3.1 Definition of linguistic communication anxiousnessLanguage anxiousness ( LA ) can be defined as the fright or apprehensiveness happening when a scholar is expected to execute in the 2nd or foreign linguistic communication ( Gardner & A ; MacIntyre 1993 ) or the concern and negative emotional reaction when acquisition or utilizing a 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) ( MacIntyre 1999 ) . The literature on affectional variables in L2 acquisition shows that anxiousness is one of the cardinal factors in L2 acquisition. Although anxiousness plays an of import function in L2 acquisition, research has non produced a consensus refering that function. The inconsistent findings suggest that anxiousness is a complex concept, as is its map in L2 acquisition. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope ( 1986 ) were the first to handle foreign linguistic communication anxiousness as a separate and distinguishable phenomenon peculiar to linguistic communication acquisition ( Young, 1991 ) . At the clip, the term foreign linguistic communication anxiousness, or more merely linguistic communication LA, was merely get downing to be used in the literature ( MacIntyre, 1999 ) . LA is merely one of several types of anxiousness that have been identified by psychologists. In general, there are two attacks to description of LA: ( 1 ) LA may be viewed as a manifestation of other more general types of anxiousness. For illustration, test-anxious people may experience dying when larning a linguistic communication because they feel invariably tested or diffident people may experience uncomfortable of the demands of pass oning publically. ( 2 ) LA may be seen as a typical signifier of anxiousness expressed in response to linguistic communication acquisition. That is, something alone to the language-learning experience makes some persons nervous.3.2 Types of linguistic communication anxiousnessScovel ( 1978 ) , establishing on the features of individuals with LA, divided LA into trait anxiousness ( that is the inclination of persons in footings of anxiousness and psychological features of personality ) , province anxiousness ( that is the pupils produced a minute of a nxiousness ) and state of affairs specific anxiousness ( that refers to specific state of affairss, such as a peculiar minute in public statements, scrutinies, category engagement and other persons to see anxiousness ) , in which state-type anxiousness is the merchandise uniting trait anxiousness with state of affairs specific anxiousness. In L2 acquisition, the factor of trait anxiousness is less of import, while sometimes the function of province anxiousness is easing, and sometimes the function is enfeebling. Harmonizing the impact of LA on pupils, LA is divided into easing anxiousness and enfeebling anxiousness sing by Alpert and Harber. Generally speech production, easing anxiousness is associated with high acquisition and public presentation which can promote students to dispute themselves and new undertakings, self-regulating the force per unit area from LA, through imitating students to get the better of acquisition troubles, while enfeebling anxiousness is a sort of anxiousness that harms larning and public presentation, that is to state, enfeebling anxiousness leads a great trade of the negative consequence to students and forms a hinder of soaking up from L2 larning. Students who have enfeebling anxiousness may experience concern and self-double, they will cut down their engagement and create turning away of linguistic communication. Gardner and Maclntyre stated that the strongest ( negative ) correlative of linguistic communication accomplishment is anxiousness ( 1993 ) . Studies show the negative correlativity of anxiousness with the undermentioned: self-esteem, i.e. , the judgement of one ‘s ain worth ( Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1986 ; Price 1991 ; Scarcella and Oxford 1992 ) ; public presentation in speech production and composing undertakings ( Trylong 1987 ; Young 1986 ) ; assurance in linguistic communication acquisition ( Maclntyre and Gardner 1991 ; Gardner and Maclntyre 1993 ) ; classs in linguistic communication class ( Aida 1994 ; Horwitz 1986 ; Trylong 1987 ) ; proficiency trial public presentation ( Ganshow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skinner and Patton 1994 ; Gardner, Ladonde, Moorcroft and Evers 1987 ) . The relationship between linguistic communication and linguistic communication public presentation is complex. Young ( 1991 ) explained that sometimes linguistic communication anxiousness is negatively related to one accomplishment and non another. Ganschow, Sparks, Anderson, Javorsky, Skiller and Patton ( 1994 ) suggested that high anxiousness might be a consequence of linguistic communication larning jobs instead than the cause. Some research workers suggested that linguistic communication anxiousness was really â€Å" easing † or â€Å" helpful † in some ways, such as maintaining pupils alert ( Scovel 1978 ) . Facilitating anxiousness has been shown in a few surveies related to: high linguistic communication proficiency and assurance among a hand-picked group of first-class linguistic communication scholars ( Ehrman and Oxford 1995 ) ; unwritten production of hard English constructions among native Arabic-speakers and Spanish-speakers ( Kleinmann 1977 ) ; good classs in linguistic communication categories for pupils in regular Gallic, German, and Spanish categories but non for pupils in audio linguistic categories ( Chastain 1975 ) . On the being of anxiousness ‘s helpfulness, linguistic communication research workers hold different positions. Horwitz ( 1990 ) suggested that anxiousness is merely helpful for really simple acquisition undertakings, but non with more complicated acquisition such as linguistic communication acquisition. Young Terrell ( 1992 ) interviewed Rardin, Omaggio Hadley and Krashen the experts of linguistic communication larning about the helpfulness of linguistic communication anxiousness. Rardin said that a positive facet of anxiousness operates all the clip, but we merely notice when a negative instability occurs. Omaggio Hadley responded that a certain sum of tenseness might be utile for linguistic communication acquisition, but she refused to name the tenseness â€Å" anxiousness † . Similarly, Terrell preferred to name such tenseness â€Å" attending † instead than â€Å" anxiousness † . Krashen contended that anxiousness is incapacitated to linguistic communi cation acquisition, but it might be helpful for the scholars in formal linguistic communication larning state of affairss.3.3 Components of linguistic communication anxiousnessBailey ( 1983 ) considered the ground that gives rise to LA including competition, scrutiny, the relationship between instructor and scholars. Horwitz and her co-workers ( 1986 ) conceptualized the constituents of LA particularly L2 larning into three parts: communicating apprehensiveness, trial anxiousness, and fright of negative rating3.3.1 Communication apprehensivenessCommunication apprehensiveness is â€Å" an person ‘s degree of fright or anxiousness associated with either existent or awaited communicating with another individual or individuals † ( McCroskey, 1982, p.27 ) . Harmonizing to this definition, the contents of LA are logically related to these of communicating apprehensiveness, because one of the most outstanding maps of linguistic communication is to pass on interpersonally. It i s assumed that people who are communicatively discerning in their native linguistic communication will see even Beater anxiousness in talking L2. However, some people who are communicatively discerning in a L2 are non needfully apprehensive in their native linguistic communication. In fact, L2 communicating apprehensiveness is best predicted by native linguistic communication apprehensiveness. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension ( PRCA ) , foremost developed by McCroskey in 1970, was revised in 1982 to a 24-item from which is used to measure grownups ‘ communicating apprehensiveness in four state of affairss, viz. , in dyad interpersonal conversation, group treatment, meetings and public speech production. In one article, McCroskey proposed that the cogency of a step was best predicted by the consistence between empirical consequences and hypotheses of experiments based upon theories associating to the concept of the step. He summarized surveies which employed the PRCA as a step of communicating apprehensiveness harmonizing to the five proposition of communicating apprehensiveness theory. These five propositions were: 1. Peoples vary in the grade to which they are discerning about unwritten communicating with other people. 2. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness seek to avoid unwritten communicating. 3. Peoples with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness engage in less unwritten communicating than make less orally discerning people. 4. When people with high unwritten communicating apprehensiveness do pass on, their unwritten communicating behaviour differs from that of people who are less discerning. 5. As a consequence of their unwritten communicating behaviour, extremely communicatively discerning people are perceived less positively by others than are less discerning people ( McCroskey 1978 ) . The PRCA conducted harmonizing to four types of communicating apprehensiveness which were the most obvious types an person encountered in the communicating contexts ( McCroskey, 1982 ) . Trait-Like Communication Apprehension is the first type which experienced by many individuals in a instead general province across all communicating contexts. Generalized-Situation Communication Apprehension which represents communicating apprehensiveness in a individual generalised context is the 2nd type. For case, one individual may be extremely discerning in one state of affairs, for illustration public speech production, but may see less anxiousness in other state of affairss as little group treatment. The 3rd type is Person-Group Communication Apprehension which involves an orientation of the single toward communicating with a specific individual or group of individuals under whatever fortunes the communicating took topographic point. Situation Communication Apprehension is the 4th type, it com bines those apprehension orientations above which happened to the person while pass oning with given single or groups, in a given clip and context.3.3.2 Test anxiousnessTest anxiousness is, â€Å" the inclination to go alarmed about the effects of unequal public presentation on a trial or other rating † ( Sarason 1984 ) i investigated in L2 larning procedure, and the consequences of these surveies are really confusing and non easy to construe. In Young ‘s survey ( 1986 ) , an outstanding negative correlativity between anxiousness and the Oral Proficiency Interview is found. In another survey, Chastain ( 1975 ) correlated the trial tonss of French, German, and Spanish scholars with two anxiousness graduated tables. And Chastain besides found that the tonss of Gallic audio-lingual method pupils were negatively correlated with the trial anxiousness, while the tonss of traditional German and Spanish pupils were positively correlated with trial anxiousness. A figure of facto rs can take to the trial anxiousness, such as the negative experience that pupils one time have experienced before, less assurance to execute in the testing state of affairss or being afraid of holding bad tonss on trials. All of these can develop prevenient anxiousness. Another factor which contributes to the trial anxiousness is deficiency of readying. Students will experience overwhelmed when their clip direction and survey wonts are really hapless, and deficiency of organisation. The scholars who follow a clear perusal program will experience more confident than those who are loath but forced to jam in L2 larning procedure. Suitable force per unit area for pupils who want to execute better in the trials is a good motive, but if it is excessively serious, the consequences are opposite. Thought in this facet, pupils should pay much attending on the negative effects of failure, instead than fix to be successful in the trials.3.3.3 Fear of negative evaluatedWatson & A ; Friend defin ed it as â€Å" apprehensiveness about others ‘ ratings, turning away of appraising state of affairss, and the outlook that others would measure one negatively † ( Watson & A ; Friend 1969 ) . The fright of negative rating is similar to prove anxiousness. The former is broader in range for trial anxiousness which is merely limited to the trial pickings state of affairss, but fright of negative rating may happen in any societal state of affairs. The fright of hapless public presentation and ridicule by equals is mistaking to one ‘s â€Å" linguistic communication self-importance † . The self-image of L2 scholars, particularly of students, is challenged because they have less control over the linguistic communication and do non experience like themselves when talking a L2. Horwitz and her associates concluded that LA is non merely the combination of communicating apprehensiveness, trial anxiousness and fright of negative rating, although they form the foundation of linguistic communication anxiousness surveies. LA should be regard as â€Å" a distinguishable composite of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviours related to classroom linguistic communication larning originating from the singularity of the linguistic communication larning procedure † ( Horwitz et al. , 1986, p.128 )IV Methods and Measure of lessen students ‘ anxiousnessThis chapter will present the methods of the survey and discourse the steps of lessen students ‘ anxiousness in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.4.1 MethodsThis probes aim at larning the degree of students ‘ anxiousness so far, seeking and the doing factors of students ‘ anxiousness 1 ) Questionnaires The participants of the questionnaires are 21students from Kehuan English preparation school, whose ages are from 8 to 13. Two questionnaires were applied in this survey. Questionnaire 1 of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale of Primary School was designed by the writer to observe pupils ‘ linguistic communication anxiousness. Questionnaire 2 was used to calculate out that which schoolroom activities were popular among pupils, whereas, which activities made pupils nervous, and beginnings and factors arousing pupils ‘ anxiousness were to be found out every bit good. 2 ) Interviews The present survey uses pupil interviews to calculate out pupils ‘ English acquisition experiences and other beginnings arousing their dying reactions in and outside the schoolroom. The interviews start with the undermentioned inquiries: What hold your parents done about your English propensity? How do you experience in English category? Do you believe you have English larning anxiousness? Do you believe what grounds straight lead to your anxiousness?4.2 Analysis the factors taking students ‘ anxiousnessHarmonizing analysis the studies, it is easy to cognize that students ‘ LA is caused by the undermentioned four grounds: 1 the scholar ‘s ain failings such as deficiency of assurance ; 2 inordinate demands from parents on their kids, deficiency of communicating ; 3 instructors improperly steering.Failings from students ‘ charactersPupils deficiency of self- assurance easiness to be anxiousness in larning L2. Some students may of course timid that they do n't cognize what to make or bury the most familiar cognition due to tenseness, even if they carefully fix in category to speech. Some conservative students who lack of adventuresome spirit fright of doing errors for being joked after category. In add-on, writer besides found that the students from hapless household or countryside have higher anxiousness.4.2.2 Excessive demands from parents on their kidsParental unrealistic demands or missing communicating frequently affects students ‘ larning emotion which causes LA. Through single interviews, writer analysis the consequence of relationship between parents and students, and found that the parents with high instruction background wage attending to pass on with their kids, while the low instruction background 1s non merely have non adequate communicating, but evaluate their kid in a really signal certify: tonss foremost. They think that the pupils with first-class academic perforates are good kids ; the pupils with worse academic perforates are bad 1s. These wrong judgements overburden students L2 acquisition, which result in students have to hard work to derive a high mark. But the effect is non every bit good as parents ‘ outlook for the factors of intelligent, survey schemes, and larning capacity. Most of hapless household parents fiting with non high educational background make money by high- tenseness manual work. The disproportionate payment force they desperately desire their kids altering destiny through first-class larning mark in school. Although there are many outstanding pupils among them, the general students are common pupils who are sing LA, such as embarrassment, cryings, self-blame and even give up, in forepart of larning reverses.4.2.3 Teachers improperly steeringTeachers are one of chief indispensable educational scenes. In the procedure of L2 acquisition, the instructor is the most of import factor. Pupils ‘ LA is non merely about their ain psychological qualities, but besides about the direct or indirect relationship with their instructors. In learning procedure, instructors due to their quality or improperly utilizing educational methods or means impact on students ‘ larning psychological science which easy causes LA. Besides, some instructors with bad piques are frequently austere, who could make n't digest any mistake of students, so that they prefer to penalize or utilize bodily penalty, which add students ‘ psychological load, advancing larning hostility, and hinder students ‘ roundly grow and school ‘ normal instruction.4.3 Measures of lessen linguistic communication anxiousness4.3.1 Measures to get the better of failings of students ‘ charactersGet the better ofing students ‘ failings of characters chiefly focus on hiking their assurance of English and imitating their acquisition motive through promoting them that they can get the better of any trouble when they learning English. The instructors can utilize the undermentioned steps to advance students ‘ assurance: First, making a comfy, non-threatening environment to promote moderate risk-taking without aching pupils ‘ self-pride ; Second, to avoid rectifying errors made by pupils purely in the schoolroom ; Third, to utilize proper competition in the schoolroom ; Fourthly, to set frontward proper schoolroom ends and demands harmonizing to the different degrees of the pupils ; Fifthly, to give wagess in clip to pupils to cultivate self-esteem and cut down the anxiousness ensuing from fearing of negative rating ; Sixthly, to avoid inquiring the pupils for perfect public presentation in English schoolroom ; Seventhly, to assist pupils utilize active pedagogical deductions, for illustration, self-encouragement ; Eighthly, to avoid the activities that pupils think unhappy ; Ninthly, to avoid the activities which are in hit with larning purposes ; Tenthly, to avoid the activities which are above or beyo nd the pupils ‘ abilities ; Eleventh, to avoid the activities which are harmful to self-image and social-image ; Twelfth, to utilize acquisition in 2nd schoolroom to assurance and concerted self-pride ; Thirteenth, to promote the pupils to larn to esteem, understand and do friends with others While using the above suggestions, the pupils can cover with linguistic communication of self-esteem and negative rating efficaciously every bit possible as they can. Merely in this manner can the pupils enjoy larning English and accomplish success in English acquisition.4.3.2 Measures to parents ‘ influenceParents should convey good influence on their kid, because they are students ‘ key grownups whose attitudes straight relate to students ‘ motive to L2 acquisition. 1 ) Puting up good parent- instructor partnerships Schools as the specific educational establishment have abundant educational cognition, while parents are non provided with these. Therefore, schools should heighten partnership with parents and promote rational theory: 1. Schools can present circular educational theory by school-newspapers. The school-newspaper edits instructors learning contemplation and jobs they one time meted and solved and students ‘ heartfelt want about larning. All of these are helpful to beef up the communicating between schools and parents. 2. Parents meeting should be convoked on a regular basis. In the meeting, parents should be allowed together with pedagogues to place concerns, analyze state of affairss, develop and implement programs, and measure end attainment. Problem work outing, information assemblage, and resource sharing are all heightened. The attitudes parents and pedagogues hold about each other set the phase for an atmosphere conducive for the formation of effectual relationships. School forces that attempt to set plans into topographic point in the absence of constructive attitudes and a healthy ambiance will probably see limited success 2 ) Establish positive household larning environment Family is the 2nd of import acquisition topographic point for students, in which parents ‘ words and actions and other environment factors affect students ‘ L2 acquisition, therefore set uping a positive household environment is indispensable: 1. Parents should promote their kids to demo what they have learnt in school and praise their first-class public presentation, which aims at heightening students ‘ L2 larning assurance and hiking their acquisition motive. 2. Parents should collaborate with instructors to supervise consequence of L2 larning in school and pressing students to complete prep and practising unwritten English.4.3.3 Measures to instructors ‘ improper guidingThe instructor should excite the pupils ‘ motive and involvement of English acquisition. Harmonizing to the pupils ‘ degree, instructors arrange different undertakings and set frontward different demands so that pupils are able to complete them to avoid increasing larning anxious ness, which can set up the pupils ‘ assurance in English acquisition. Teachers should hold rich cognition to do English category gratifying. Teachers should be patient to assist pupils get the better of anxiousness as a effect of failure experience. Teachers should hold higher professional quality aimed at offering comprehendible input in English category, doing it easy for the pupils to analyze English. Teachers should make a relaxing, active and stress-free acquisition ambiance in which pupils do n't waver to talk English and dare return hazard in take parting in assorted learning activities. It is of import for pupils to acknowledge linguistic communication larning anxiousness. So it is instructors ‘ duties to do the pupils cognizant of larning anxiousness and take effectual steps to decrease larning anxiousness. Teachers should promote the pupils to take an active portion in linguistic communication pattern. The more pupils pattern English, the more assurance they ha ve. Proper rating is an of import method for cut downing English acquisition anxiousness. Teachers should be wise in happening out the pupils ‘ good qualities so as to advance them to confront troubles. The instructors ‘ response to pupils ‘ public presentation should be neither a simple â€Å" right † or â€Å" incorrect † , nor a simple â€Å" Yes † or â€Å" No † . At the same clip, instructors must carefully make up one's mind when, how frequently, and most significantly, how mistakes are corrected. Teachers should make a non-threatening acquisition environment for the pupils because it is critical for pupils to larn English. Merely when the pupils feel stress-free can they decrease larning anxiousness every bit possible as they can. Teachers should learn the pupils in conformity of their aptitude and esteem their single differences in the procedure of set uping learning undertakings. Teacher should be cognizant of their influence on pupils and do everything they can to cut down English larning anxiousness. Depending on the pupils ‘ demands and cultural background, the instructors can utilize any or all of the undermentioned suggestions for decreasing linguistic communication anxiousness by Rebecca L. Oxford ( 1999 ) . a‘ Help pupils understand that linguistic communication anxiousness episodes can be transeunt and do non necessarily develop into a permanent job ; a‘?Boost the self-esteem and assurance of pupils for whom linguistic communication anxiousness has already become a long-run trait by supplying multiple chances for schoolroom success in the linguistic communication ; a‘?Encourage moderate risk-taking and tolerance of ambiguity in a comfy, non-threatening environment ; a‘?Reduce the competition nowadays in the schoolroom ; a‘ ¤ Be really clear about schoolroom ends and aid pupils develop schemes to run into thoseV ConclusionThis survey has investigated the differe nce of L2 larning anxiousness of primary school pupils from 2 Grade to 6 Grade, examined the relationship between LA and students ‘ L2 accomplishments and probed into the factors that could elicit students ‘ LA. The consequence of this research can be summarized as follows: In the first topographic point, this research shows that students ‘ LA is obvious, and the higher degrees of LA students have, the lower accomplishment they get. Second, the grounds that arouse students ‘ LA are assorted, hence lessen students ‘ 2nd linguistic communication larning anxiousness should be actualized from the facets of pupils, instructors and parents. Students should positively take portion into L2 category and courageously demo their accomplishments and inquire inquiries about L2 acquisition. Teachers should pay attending to pupils ‘ L2 larning psychological science, set up easy and happy instruction environment, and beef up the relationship with parents. As for parents, they should supply a good L2 acquisition environment, promote their kids to pattern L2 and give them great psychological comfortable and emotional support. Third, communicating apprehensiveness, English trials and fright of negative rating are some causes that provoke students ‘ linguistic communication acquisition anxiousness. As simple English instructors, we should maintain these differences between second-grade pupils and six-grade pupils in head, which would assist us to take preferred learning methods might student systems and closely supervise the schoolroom clime to place specific beginnings of pupil anxiousness for different class pupils. In order to cut down the anxiousness degree in the linguistic communication category, we suggest instructors speak more easy and reenforce the stuff to help comprehension and keeping, provide instructional stuff more relevant to pupils ‘ life or ends, and be cognizant of single acquisition manners. In add-on, instructors can utilize more whole-class activities, because probe consequences of this research indicate that non merely third-grade pupils but besides sixth-grade pupils like the whole-class activity. Furthermore, instructors do non overtly or harshly correct the mistake, but merely repeats the phrase in the proper grammatical or phonic signifier. Correct feedback is given, but errors are non emphasized in forepart of the others. It might besides be helpful if the instructor points out that errors are an built-in portion of the acquisition procedure and are non to be feared.

The Puritans and Plymouth Colony essays

The Puritans and Plymouth Colony essays Amer. governor of the Plymouth Colony for 30 years. A member of the Separatist movement within Puritanism, in 1609 he went to Holland to seek religious freedom. Finding a lack of opportunity there, in 1620 he helped organize an expedition of about 100 Pilgrims to the New World. He helped draft the Mayflower Compact aboard the group's ship, was unanimously chosen governor, and served as governor of the Plymouth Colony for all but five years from 1621 to 1656. He helped establish and foster the principles of self-government and religious freedom that characterized later Amer. colonial government. His descriptive journal provides a unique source of both the voyage of the Mayflower and the challenges faced by the settlers. Bradford was a native of Ansterfield, Yorkshire, in the north of England, where he was born in the year 1588. His pecuniary circumstances were easy, when he followed persecuted Puritans to Holland and became fully identified with them in exile. From early life he had been accustomed to their teachings; and at the age of seventeen years, he attempted to sail to the Netherlands, with some others, where their harassed brethren had gone. Betrayed, he was seized and imprisoned at Boston, in Lincolnshire, for awhile, but finally escaped and joined the fugitives at Amsterdam, where he learned the silk weaver's art and pursued it. On receiving his patrimony, he entered into unsuccessful commercial operations, and lost a greater portion of it. When the establishment of a free colony in America was projected at Leyden, he was one of the most zealous promoters of the measure; and he and his young wife were among the earliest emigrants to that land of promise. Before a site was selected for a settlement, and while the Mayflower was yet riding at anchor in Cape Cod Bay, Mrs. Bradford fell into the sea and was drowned. That was the first death among the Pilgrims after their arrival on the coast of America. Bradford was very popul...

Free Essays on Comparing Romantic Relationships

Love and Romance Throughout Word Count: 1,293 Most of the novels that we have read have a theme of love. Different kinds of love are shown throughout the stories, but one type of love interests me the most, romantic love. The romantic relationships are so different from each other in all the books. Some are true love, while others seem to be convience love. I wish to explore the feelings of two particular women who have very different ideas on love and marriage. Elizabeth and Janie are two independently minded women, living in times when such independence is not widely accepted. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† focuses mostly on Elizabeth and her changing feelings of Mr. Darcy. â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† is all about Janie and her three very different relationships throughout the novel. Elizabeth was unlike her sisters is many ways. One way that she thought completely different was on the subject of love and marriage. Elizabeth’s siblings were all about searching for husbands. Their only goal in life was to get married to wealthy men. Jane, the eldest sister seemed to be the only Benedict sister besides Elizabeth who did not necessarily want to marry for money, but for love. Getting married was extremely important to Jane but not for all the wrong reasons like her sisters. Elizabeth, however, did not seem to be in any hurry to get married. She refused two men before finally accepting a marriage proposal from Mr. Darcy. The difference between the men was that Elizabeth was truly in love with Mr. Darcy, while she did not even like the other two men who were chasing her. We could see from the beginning that Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth were meant to be together. They may have shown dislike and Elizabeth expressed much hatred, but there is a thin line between love an d hate. I don’t believe a person can have one without the other. When Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth finally express their feelings for one another and get engaged, we can feel... Free Essays on Comparing Romantic Relationships Free Essays on Comparing Romantic Relationships Love and Romance Throughout Word Count: 1,293 Most of the novels that we have read have a theme of love. Different kinds of love are shown throughout the stories, but one type of love interests me the most, romantic love. The romantic relationships are so different from each other in all the books. Some are true love, while others seem to be convience love. I wish to explore the feelings of two particular women who have very different ideas on love and marriage. Elizabeth and Janie are two independently minded women, living in times when such independence is not widely accepted. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† focuses mostly on Elizabeth and her changing feelings of Mr. Darcy. â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† is all about Janie and her three very different relationships throughout the novel. Elizabeth was unlike her sisters is many ways. One way that she thought completely different was on the subject of love and marriage. Elizabeth’s siblings were all about searching for husbands. Their only goal in life was to get married to wealthy men. Jane, the eldest sister seemed to be the only Benedict sister besides Elizabeth who did not necessarily want to marry for money, but for love. Getting married was extremely important to Jane but not for all the wrong reasons like her sisters. Elizabeth, however, did not seem to be in any hurry to get married. She refused two men before finally accepting a marriage proposal from Mr. Darcy. The difference between the men was that Elizabeth was truly in love with Mr. Darcy, while she did not even like the other two men who were chasing her. We could see from the beginning that Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth were meant to be together. They may have shown dislike and Elizabeth expressed much hatred, but there is a thin line between love an d hate. I don’t believe a person can have one without the other. When Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth finally express their feelings for one another and get engaged, we can feel...

classical conditioning essays

classical conditioning essays The classic examples of classical conditioning are Pavlov's dogs. In the 1890's Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was observing the production of saliva by dogs as they were fed when he noticed that saliva was also produced when the person who fed them appeared. This is not surprising. Every farmer for thousands of years has realized, of course, that animals become excited when they hear the sounds that indicate they are about to be fed. But Pavlov carefully observed and measured one small part of the process. He paired a tone, with feeding his dogs so that the tone occurred several times right before and during the feeding. Soon the dogs salivated to the tone, something like they did to the food. They had learned a new connection: tone with food. How can we use this information? What are common, everyday examples of classical conditioning? TV advertisers pair their product with beautiful scenes or with attractive, sexy, successful women or important people in an effort to get you to like their products more. Studying may be unpleasant for me because it has been paired with frustration or me hating to do it. Much of what we like or dislike is a result of classical conditioning. Now that I have kind of explained what Classical Conditioning is, and gave a few quick examples of it, I will now give you another example, and this time go more in depth. With each example of classical condition, you can break them down into five separate parts that bring you to a conclusion. These five parts include: the conditioned stimuli, the conditioned response, neutral stimuli, the unconditioned stimuli, and the unconditioned response. The example that im going to use and break it down is After experiencing several pairings of lightning followed by loud thunder, a child begins to cover their ears when they see thunder. I will now attempted to break my example down into separate parts beginning with the conditioned stimuli, wh...

Assignment #4 The Ragan Revolution through President Obamma Essay

Assignment #4 The Ragan Revolution through President Obamma - Essay Example One of the major historical turning points during Regan’s error is AIDs epidemic. AIDs killed millions of people during this period but the main tragedy was not the disease but the lack of enough action to control it. One of the reasons behind this situation was the belief that AID s could only be contracted by homosexuals. President Reagan was reluctant thus did not fully supportive of the disease treatment as he didn’t want to anger the Christian conservatives. The American public only came to realize the reality of the disease after a hemophiliac teenager contracted AIDS virus through blood transfusion and the public confession of Magic Johnson announcing that he too had contracted the virus. The other event was the expansion of the southern states to the western dangerous regions as well as their efforts to tame new frontiers. During this period, the wives of the army men were made to enjoy a different status. This was completely different in comparison to the woman rights during the America colonization and civil war period. The areas allowed their women to take part in civil society and voting as well as assuming the judge position. The culture of the army wives gave women equal eminence at the time of frontier expansion. As this took place in the western frontiers, the rest of the states conserved their male order societies. This situation led to the frontier women to enjoy a status that was special following the forward posts isolation pockets and the community transformation into a society during threat and danger times so as to continue existing efficiently. The end result was that the women ended up sharing the same responsibilities with the men and their system a llowed a combined authority while the eastern states stuck to their traditional culture of having the males dominate in everything.

Forced medication in mental health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Forced medication in mental health - Essay Example Scholars in the nursing professions have emphasized the inconsistency and contradiction between forced medication or involuntary treatment and components of professional ethical guidelines. Ethical codes usually require freewill or constraint in the part of clients only when threat is probable and imminent. Other scholars firmly oppose this observed contradiction between nursing principles and involuntary treatment; they refer to the right of clients to treatment, not only his/her right to say no to medication, as an essential matter (Freckelton & Lesser, 2003). Yet others argue that taking a stand in this debate draws away the attention of mental health professionals from more crucial issues about the quality of mental health services. Judgments aside, for a large number of mental health professionals, exercising involuntary treatments or forcible medications has become an essential part of their professional obligations. These professionals may frequently admit clients under involu ntary directives or assist court orders for outpatient treatment and medication (Hayes et al., 2007). Numerous professionals are now confronted with the challenge of discussing complicated and problematic decisions with clients who pursue treatment under court orders. Similarly, because forced medication for mental disorder is perhaps as persistent as mental disorder itself, numerous mental health clients with severe and chronic mental disorders will undergo such medication over the course of their disorder (Freckelton & Lesser, 2003). Usually, forced mental health procedures may be given as a ‘crisis stabilization’ type of hospitalization in case of probable threat to the client or to others (Shally-Jensen, 2013, 369). Several states are increasingly implementing outpatient authorized treatment that preferably administers ‘assisted treatment’ (Shally-Jensen, 2013, 369) with additional resources and further implications if treatment procedures are not follo wed. Moral and Ethical Issues of Forced Medication in Mental Health Care Mental disorder can be a dreadful misfortune affecting not just the patient but family members, communities, and the society as well. Numerous mentally ill individuals do not have the capacity to take care of or protect themselves, and they could be a threat to themselves or others. In Canada, custodians or substitutes should make treatment decisions for them. Making treatment decisions for those who have mental disorders raises several moral, ethical, and legal issues (Swartz & Swanson, 2004). Several of the disturbing questions are as follows (Devettere, 2010, 111): Is it moral to place the mentally ill in institutions against their will simply because they might harm themselves or others? Is it moral to force treatment on them, most especially drugs or surgery or shock treatments, against their will? Is their informed consent for treatment truly voluntary if we have made it clear to them that they will be co nfined to an institution if they do not accept the treatment? Mental disorder is an ambiguously defined concept. It includes a broad array of disorder from the fairly mild to severe, and the classifications applied by the American Psychiatric Association are quite broad that health care professionals have great latitude in making a diagnosis of patients’ behavioral patterns (Devettere, 2010, 111). This makes it particularly crucial to take into account the ethical or moral repercussions of involuntary treatment or forced

W 9 First Impressions-Discussion- workpalce Essay

W 9 First Impressions-Discussion- workpalce - Essay Example At the end of the work day, I always double check my work and ensure that I did not leave anything pending for the next day. After all, allowing my work to pile up will affect my output and the positive impression that I strive to create in my workplace. 3. Every person you meet is a chance to make a connection. Networking is a very important part of business communication. Provide a 5-6 sentence expression of yourself that would give a great first impression. I have a sunny disposition that helps my co-workers ease into the start of the workday with a light aura. By simply smiling at them as they pass me in the hall, or by creating light small talk with the people in the next cubicle, the workload no longer seems that heavy or hectic to all of us. But that is not to say that I am not concentrated on my work from the minute I enter the office premises. I am actually concentrated on the workload I know I have to take off my desk by the end of the day. But I figure that letting the work get to me and starting the work day in a somber manner will not help get the task done faster. Rather, I look at the task set before me as a game and at the end of the day, after all the work is done, I have won the game and the prize is a quiet and relaxed night at

How self-concept, perception, and emotion impact interpersonal Essay

How self-concept, perception, and emotion impact interpersonal communication - Essay Example a brief overview of the theories that are relevant in interpersonal communication, analyze how these theories are relevant in producing effective interpersonal communication, and how interpersonal communication as a process can be manipulated to produce better communication outcomes. Interpersonal communication is the process of interacting between two different individuals, which can be done either face-to-face or through other forms of mediation. It can be studied in four different perspectives: relational or qualitative; situational or contextual; quantitative; and functional or strategic. In the relational perspective, interpersonal communication is seen as a shared process between the sender and the receiver. There is simultaneous interaction between the sender and the receiver, with the aim of creating meaning. In the situational or contextual perspective, interpersonal communication is viewed as part of the specific context to which the sender and the receiver belong. The quantitative perspective is unique from the other perspectives in that it also encompasses not only dyadic interactions as is but also impersonal communication. Functional or strategic perspective emphasizes interpersonal communication as a process to achieve a certain purpose, particula rly, to achieve interpersonal goals (Honors, 2001). Interpersonal communication has four basic elements: the sender—the person from whom the message comes from; the message—the information being sent by the sender to the receiver; the receiver—the person to whom the message is being sent to from the sender; and the feedback or the response of the receiver to the message sent by the sender. Emotion is a complex concept that refers to the mental state that provokes a physiological response, positive or negative (Emotion, 2003). It is differentiated from feeling in that emotions are physiological responses and does not arise from any conscious effort. Theories on Interpersonal Communication usually

A school as a young child might see it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A school as a young child might see it - Essay Example Probably this will be the first time they are going to be out of the family. Initially children may feel depressed to come out of the family but most of them get used to it and gradually starts to enjoy school. There are several things that parents and teachers can do to help their children enjoy the school life (NAEYC, 2005). Children in kindergarten express good feeling toward the school. They enjoy going to school as they get to make friends, play and have food together. The majority of the children feel very happy in this environment. School is the place where the first steps to socialize is learned. Some of the children express their feelings about the school as "I make a lot of new friends," "I have many friends now to play with." Some of them like the uniforms they wear particularly when they are new. They are excited to wear these new uniforms and look smart. Many children are fascinated about the physical features of the school, such as facilities like canteen, library, etc. These are the places where they learn to have there own choices. For example, what food they want to eat, what are the different books other than the syllabus they would like to read etc. However, there are some of the children who do not enjoy schools. For instance, they feel that is a noisy place, if the teachers are strict they feel that they do not have any freedom to do what they wish to do. Some of them have an introvert character, and they do not enjoy mingling with other children or make new friends. They restrict themselves to only a few selected friends. As the children move from kindergarten to primary, secondary school and further, they have more things to learn and less time for play. Some children are concerned about teachers speaking "noisily" to them and scolding / beating them. Some of the children who are keen on

How self-concept, perception, and emotion impact interpersonal Essay

How self-concept, perception, and emotion impact interpersonal communication - Essay Example a brief overview of the theories that are relevant in interpersonal communication, analyze how these theories are relevant in producing effective interpersonal communication, and how interpersonal communication as a process can be manipulated to produce better communication outcomes. Interpersonal communication is the process of interacting between two different individuals, which can be done either face-to-face or through other forms of mediation. It can be studied in four different perspectives: relational or qualitative; situational or contextual; quantitative; and functional or strategic. In the relational perspective, interpersonal communication is seen as a shared process between the sender and the receiver. There is simultaneous interaction between the sender and the receiver, with the aim of creating meaning. In the situational or contextual perspective, interpersonal communication is viewed as part of the specific context to which the sender and the receiver belong. The quantitative perspective is unique from the other perspectives in that it also encompasses not only dyadic interactions as is but also impersonal communication. Functional or strategic perspective emphasizes interpersonal communication as a process to achieve a certain purpose, particula rly, to achieve interpersonal goals (Honors, 2001). Interpersonal communication has four basic elements: the sender—the person from whom the message comes from; the message—the information being sent by the sender to the receiver; the receiver—the person to whom the message is being sent to from the sender; and the feedback or the response of the receiver to the message sent by the sender. Emotion is a complex concept that refers to the mental state that provokes a physiological response, positive or negative (Emotion, 2003). It is differentiated from feeling in that emotions are physiological responses and does not arise from any conscious effort. Theories on Interpersonal Communication usually

Work placement Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Work placement Module - Essay Example He then recommended me to this firmCheng Chan & Co to me., and fortunately At the material time, Cheng Chan & Co wasthe firm happened to be looking for a full time / part time clerk as because one of their employees just quit the jobhad recently left the firm. I posted sent them my CV to them and they were askingrequested for an interview. I had the interviewed with one of the firm's solicitors in the mid-dle of June., there was a solicitor who interviewed me. He asked me few some questions on pertaining to tort and criminal Law, such as which case to use or which statute to applies to a scenarioy. and they also require a presentation of me for 5 minutesI was also required to deliver a five minute presentation. Four days later, I received their phone call that I got the jobthey informed me of their decision to hire me. I was then appointed into this firm asworked as a clerk responsible for assistingant to solicitors, preparing legal documents, performing legal research, and for deali nghandling with clients. The fFirm is run managed by four solicitors and there are eight employees including clerks, an accountant and legal executives. The structure of the fFirm is very simple in that, each employee takesing orders directly from solicitors. Once a client placeds an order after consulting the solicitor, (e.g. a claim in a car accident), the solicitor will would then divide the work among the different personnel, such as including research, registration of the case with the court, communication with the other parties for the materials, and arrangement of conferences with clients or counsel. When we have completed ourUpon completion of an assigned task, we hand submitted itthe work back to the solicitor for approval and he will would return it to us if any corrections are were necessary. Then we will would finalize it and return it to him for further approval and signature. The work usually involveds documents, statements or letters. The documents or the statements w ill would usually be referred tofiled with the court or submitted to the other parties. LThe letters will

History of Table Tennis Essay Example for Free

History of Table Tennis Essay The sport got its start in England towards the end of the 19th century when, after dinner, some upper-middle class Victorians decided to turn their dining room tables into miniature versions of the traditional lawn tennis playing field. Several different every-day objects were employed in constructing the sport. They used a line of books as the net. Rackets were lids from empty cigar boxes, and a little later, parchment paper stretched around a frame. The ball would be either a ball of string, or perhaps more commonly, a champagne cork or rubber ball. Before â€Å"Table Tennis.† When the game first started it was called by a number of different names. â€Å"Whif whaf,† â€Å"gossamer,† and â€Å"flim flam† were commonly used to describe it. The words, as can be assumed, were derived from the sound that the ball made when hit back and forth on the table. In 1901 though, English manufacturer J. Jaques Son Ltd registered one of the more popular names, Ping-Pong, as a copyright. He later sold the trademark to the Parker Brothers in the United States. Then in the 1920s the name and the sport were revived in Europe as table tennis. Evolution The turn of the century brought many other refinements to the sport. Players started using celluloid balls after the English man James Gibb discovered them during a trip to the United States in 1901 and proved them to be perfect for Ping-Pong. In 1903, E.C Goode replaced parchment paper and cigar box lids with pimpled rubber on light wooden â€Å"blades† as rackets. And after the world championships in Prague in 1936, where two defensive players took over an hour to contest one point, the net was lowered to make the pace of the game-play faster. (In another effort to make the game more fast paced and entertaining, rules were again changed in 2001- see Rules). It Spreads Also around this time, the sport spread to other European countries and to the United States. Asian countries like China, Korea and Japan are understood to have learnt about it from British Army officers who held posts in those places. There was an unofficial world championship held in 1901, but the first official world championship was held in London in 1927 by the International Table Tennis Federation. The ITTF was founded in Berlin in 1926 by England, Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales. Asian Factor Although it may seem today that the sport, in the professional realm, is dominated by Asian countries like China and Korea, it wasn’t always that way. Before the late 1950’s and early 60’s, European players from Hungary especially, but also from France and Sweden seemed without competition. But in 1952, Japanese player Horoi Satoh introduced the foam rubber paddle. The paddle made the game faster and spinning the ball became an even greater factor. Japan became the main winner in the world competitions in 1960, and by the mid 1960’s China took over the reigns through to the early 1980’s. Their absolute domination of the sport was finally subdued with the entering of table tennis into the Olympic Games in 1988 and the participation of players from Korea and Sweden. Table Tennis and the Cold War On April 6th, 1971, the US table tennis team was invited on an all-expenses-paid trip to play in China. Four days later, nine players, four officials and two spouses crossed the bridge from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland. They were the first group of Americans to be allowed into the country since the communist take-over in 1949. One of the first signs during the Cold war of improved relations between the United States and China, Time magazine called it â€Å"the pong heard throughout the world.† It was shortly followed with a visit to China by President Nixon. Facilities and Equipment The Table The playing surface, should be rectangular, 2.74m long and 1.525m wide, and shall lie in a horizontal plane 76cm above the floor .The playing surface should not include the vertical sides of the tabletop. The playing surface should yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm. The playing surface shall be uniformly dark colored and matt, but with a white side line, 2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each 1.525m edge. The playing surface shall be divided into 2 equal courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end lines, and shall be continuous over the whole area of each court. For doubles, each court shall be divided into 2 equal half-courts by a white center line, 3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines; the center line shall be regarded as part of each right half-court. The Net Assembly The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 15.25cm high, the outside limits of the post being 15.25cm outside the side line. The top of the net, along its whole length, shall be 15.25cm above the playing surface. The Ball The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40mm.and weigh 2.7g. The ball shall be made of celluloid or similar plastics material and shall be white or orange, and matt. The Racket The racket may be of any size, shape or weight but the blade (wooden face) shall be flat and rigid. The covering material (rubber sheets) shall extend up to but not beyond the limits of the blade, except that the part nearest the handle and gripped by the fingers may be left uncovered or covered with any material. The surface of the covering material on a side of the blade, or of a side of the blade if it is left uncovered, shall be matt, bright red on one side and black on the other. Slight deviations from continuity of surface or uniformity of color due to accidental damage or wear may be allowed provided that they do not significantly change the characteristics of the surface. Rules of the game Serving The server shall project the ball near vertically upwards, without imparting spin, so that it rises at least 16cm and then falls without touching anything before being struck. The ball shall not be hidden from the receiver by any part of the body or clothing of the server or his doubles partner and as soon as the ball has been projected, the server’s free arm shall be removed from the space between the server’s body and the net. If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service he may, on the first occasion in a match, declare a let (see below) and warn the server. Any subsequent service of doubtful legality of that player or his doubles partner will result in a point to the receiver. Whenever there is a clear failure to comply with the requirements for a good service, no warning shall be given and the receiver shall score a point.

The Architecture Of The Mosque

The Architecture Of The Mosque Philosophically, the whole Earth is a mosque and by this principle namaz will be complete wherever performed. Initially there was no specific building to spread the message of Islam. The Muslim Arabs, being nomads, had a minimum approach and preclude the use of permanent buildings and everything they possessed had to be demountable and portable. Thus there was no specific edifice as such. Only a square area marked out by a line drawn in the sand was sufficient for communal prayer. The only basic necessity was that one side of the square had to face Mecca to indicate the direction of the prayer. Knowing the importance of the mosque to the religion of Islam today it is quite surprising to hear the ironic story behind its evolution. From the start, monotheistic religions like Islam were opposed to the idea of building specially designed to house the faithful for prayer. The mosques (literally meaning place of prostration), are the Centre of religious life throughout the Muslim World and develops as one of the major forms of religious architecture. In one of its most evolved forms, it has one or more minarets, arches, domes and is often decorated with elaborate tracery and Arabic calligraphy from the Koran. The evolved mosque forms are known to be some of the finest structures in Islamic architecture. The mosque is the only building type, which has spread throughout the entire Muslim world, from the beginning of the religion in 610 A.D. A mosque is a building, where Muslims congregate to pray. Mosques can be small, at a neighborhood scale or large, at the town/ city level. Such as a neighborhood mosque or they can be large and used by Muslims of a large town, or city. The large mosque is called a Jami Mosque. Jami means Juma or Friday. All Muslims are required to pray together every Friday at midday and the large mosques were constructed for this purpose. Mosque is used for worship usually for which there is a hall and open court, but could also have other functions like that of a Madarsa, a school for education and a community center. It consists of many architectural elements like, minaret, arch, dome, color, calligraphy and other decorative forms ornamenting the surfaces. Like all other liturgical edifice, the mosque has a standardized assembly of components, which vary in accordance with the size of the prayer (i.e. whether its for prayer for an individual or congregation-small/ large). There is a demarcated space, partly roofed and partly open to sky, varying in size and form, from region to region depending on the harshness of the climate. The roofed part is the prayer hall, rectangular or square in plan, supported by a trabeated structure or arcuated structure. The Prayer hall must have one wall facing Mecca (Qibla wall) with a niche or series of niches (Mihrab), which is the central and most decorated part of every mosque. The pulpit (Minbar) consisting of steps of varying height is stationed to the right of the mihrab and the imam during Friday prayer delivers the oration (Khutba) from it. The minbar is however absent in smaller mosques. A wooden platform (dikha) of single storey height is positioned in line with the Mihrab. From there the respondents (qadi) of the mosque repeat the ritual postures of the imam and give their response. Next to the Dikha, the lectern (kursi) is placed on which the Quran rests. Another most necessary feature of many mosques is the water pool or fountain intended for the prescribed ritual of ablutions (wazu) before the prayer. The five times daily call for prayer (azan) is heard from the minaret, a tower like structure, originally serving as more of a local landmark. A portal is created as a general characteristic of the architecture of the Islamic world as the concealment of the interiors of a building from outside view. Thus, most mosques are surrounded by high walls. With reference to architectural elaboration, the art of writing is taken to higher level of visual expression in mosque architecture. Certain calligraphic scripts are used in the Qibla wall and direct focus, helping substantiate the religious importance of the mosque. The writing often quotes from the Quran or is information about the builder of the mosque. Another mode is geometric patterns and vegetal forms used in screens (jali) and as surface ornamentation. Geometric patterns result from taking a simple form and replicating/ extending it in various directions to arrive at the final. The patterns in their dizzying and unending configurations connote unity in God. In the present time, modern mosques designs have been modified as per newer technologies and ease of building construction. The size of mosque has been decreasing due to lack of space in cities. The main components of the mosque have been reduced and elements have lost their original meaning and serve as symbols. The geometric patterns rich with meaning are devalued to mere decoration. The architecture of mosque has been changing to modern, to contemporary but to what end? 1.2 Research Question: How did local/ regional/ vernacular architecture affect mosque architecture in the past and how/ why does the contemporary mosque differ from the traditional mosque? 1.3 NEED IDENTIFICATION In modern society the mosque served as the single most important visible representation of identity and value. More mosques are being built today than any other liturgical edifice of any other religion. However for a structure representing one religion and a specific body of people, it is odd that it should be so varied in style and divergent in beauty. The reason for this lies in the mosque located in different parts of the world representing different perspectives of different clients. Each mosque is differing in traditions, climate, building materials, local condition of nature and diverse aesthetic and social requirements. As a student of architecture and representing a Muslim region from India, I share a keen interest in Islamic Architecture. And since the mosque lies at the very heart of Islamic architecture, there is a feeling of even a greater need to study this specific structure. Due to time and space constraints, there are certain limitations; hence, I will focus on contemporary Mosques Delhi regions as primary case studies. The architecture of the modern mosque is much at variant when compared with the mosque of the past due to globalization, advanced technology, tendency to go towards the sky due to lack of ground space, the use of architectural elements as symbols and reduction of patterns as surface decorations. 1.4 OBJECTIVES To trace the development and follow along the different established types of mosques, starting from Early Islamic period in the 7th century times. To identify the basic principles behind the specific vocabulary of the mosque. To study symbolic and functional attributes of the mosque and its evolution. To study various differences in space configuration, built expression, material, elements /components and technology between modern and traditional mosque. 1.5 SCOPE This dissertation is not intended as a historical survey of Islamic mosque architecture and therefore does not include all the fine monuments, which exist. The origin and development of the mosque would be understood only to get the bearings right to analyze contemporary examples. The general history of the advent of Islam in Arab, India and the mosque forms that evolve henceforth would be discussed briefly to build a context. From vernacular mosque form, the shift is to, what is built now- what is the vernacular of today? And hence what happens to the mosque and is the use of symbols necessary to be able to identify the building as a mosque? 1.6 LIMITATIONS It is not possible to study all the mosque architecture of all Islamic regions under the given time frame. Therefore, the study is limited to mosques in India focusing on the Northern region with a brief study of the contemporary mosque outside India. As result of time and space constraints, mosques of the entire Indian sub-continent will not be discussed in detail but only to form the overall context, with brief analysis of mosques of the South, East, West, and North. Detail account of the history of the one region is beyond the scope of this dissertation, thus only relevant pieces of their history will be mentioned. The focus will be on selected mosques, which reflect the most prototypical form of particular periods of the respective region. Thus, only a few mosques will be discussed which act as indicators of that particular architectural form. 1.7 METHODOLOGY The first step is to analyze the topic and define what direction this dissertation takes, and what the author wants to come up with at the end of it, the end result may be documentation, a detailed analysis, or a set of solutions. The regions selected for the study are not easily accessible and this dissertation will rely mainly on literature survey from secondary sources rather that from primary data for major sections of the work. Primary data would be collected through site visits limited to mosques in Delhi and discussion with experts. Secondary sources include literature survey. Literature Survey: This involves data collection, reading and understanding literature from various sources like SPA (New Delhi) libraries, Jamia Milla Islamia Architecture library and the internet. Analysis of nature of open spaces, the role of open spaces in the mosque and role of closed spaces is understood. After the collation process, the next stage would be, systematic representation of data. Interaction With Experts This involves opinion of various architects, discussion about what is happening in India and exposure to other related issues, along with discussion on primary case studies. Identifying issues, discussion on various issues and analyzing their opinion would be the major tasks. Primary Data collection Methodology for the study of Delhi mosque architecture: A brief account of the mosque architecture in Delhi is essential to contextualize the primary studies, as these were the immediate references for what is happening now. The first mosque developed in 11th century in Delhi by the Slave dynasty. Each changing phase will be studied by taking the significant mosque of that period. Though a personal visit would be made to these sites, information will be obtained through literature survey also. The mosques of contemporary times would be the primary study, with a complete analysis of the determinants of form. The process for case studies: Selection of case studies of new mosque buildings. Collection of information- basic plan and maps showing site surrounding areas, site boundaries, built mass and visual readings of mosque as landmark, materiality and building elements. Analysis of the chosen case studies. IV. Survey methodology for case studies Few case studies of contemporary mosques of Delhi are considered- one is under construction and the other mosques have been in use for considerable amount of time. This dissertation includes survey through discussion with the people who are users of the mosque. The drawing and other important data would be collected from the architects office. All photographs are taken at the site. After doing all case studies conclusion are drawn and recommendations are made for design strategies of the future mosque architecture. With the help of three examples of mosques, which are built in different time periods, I want to illustrate that architecture of mosques is in a process of complete transformation because global culture and technology is constantly affecting it, along with highlighting what helps maintain its identity. V. Analysis of case studies The case study is analyzed as per following: Built /open spatial spatial configuration (arising from basic needs of religion itself) Purpose and use of space. Visual expression of mosque- includes massing, elements, surface elaboration and materiality. Chapter 2 EARLY ISLAM 2.1. HISTORY OF ISLAM AS A RELIGION Islam began in Arabia, where the revelation was first received by the Prophet, but spread rapidly among the Persians and Black Africans, and soon thereafter among Turks, Chinese, Indians, and many other ethnic groups. Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca in 570 CE. At the time, people were busy with their business, markets were crowded with nomads and residents alike, buying and selling goods. His parents died when he was 6 years old. He cared for by his grandfather, and uncle, Abu Talib and eventually became head of the Hashim clan. Young Muhammad was a camel driver and roamed the peninsula with his uncle, to know about various cultures and religions including Christianity and Judaism. As idol worship had come to dominate Mecca, this contact turned out to be significant for later times. The Kabah itself housed many idols, including those representing the three main goddesses. He continued travelling in Arabia, encountering different faiths and customs, but riches did not satisfy Muhammad and he developed enemies in Mecca. Therefore, he decided to leave Mecca. And he started a journey. This journey was known as the Hijri. Muhammad arrived in Medina as the new leader, bearing tremendous responsibilities. While receiving communication from God and teaching his devotees, he had to protect Islam from opposition and find a peaceful solution to the local feuds. He was able to unite the feuding clans through his teachings the Jewish and Muslims prayed together. First time the prayer was read in the direction of Jerusalem, and after some years the prayer was read towards Mecca instead of Medina, as Muhammad instructed. For this reason some followers turned against Muhammad, and they created a separate group. Violence erupted, ending in the expulsion of some Jewish tribes from Medina. He established a new community with his followers and began raiding caravans bound for Mecca. These kinds of raids were not uncommon at the time, and they provided sustenance for the Muslims. This angered the Meccans, and a series of battles followed. Despite a few setbacks, the Muslims gained power and recognition. After destroying or converting his tribal enemies, Muhammad controlled the entire Arabian Peninsula. Finally, in 629 CE, Mecca submitted to the Muslims. Muhammad entered the city and headed directly to the Kabah. After circling it seven times, he smashed the stone idols. He spoke of the oneness of God, or Allah, and proclaimed himself a prophet. The spread of Islam occurred in waves. In less than a century after the establishment of the first Islamic society in Medina by the Prophet, Arab armies conquered a land stretching from the Indus River to France and brought with them Islam, which, contrary to popular Western conceptions, was not, however, forced on the people by the sword. Periods of Islamic history Mosques were built outside the Arabian Peninsula as Muslims settled in other parts of the world. Egypt became occupied by Muslim Arabs as early as 640 AD. Islamic architectural history can be roughly divided in to three main periods, during which one or more traditions were dominant: the Early Islamic (650-1050), which may be called the age of Arab Dominance; the middle Islamic (1050-1450), the age of Iranian Dominance; and the later Islamic (1450-1850), the age of Turkish and Indian Dominance. 2.2 Origin and evolution of mosque Origin It is a strange face of history that the Muslim tradition of architecture, productive of some of the worlds outstanding monuments, was first patronized by a people, the Arabs, who had none but the crudest notions of building. For them the finest architecture was a tent. In the starting of Islam, the Kaaba had only four walls in 608. In the age of the orthodox Caliphs (632-661), the eras brought nothing architectural to the conquered countries beyond what would serve their orthodoxy than by their taste. The building of their time ware utilitarian, without architectural pretense, and consisted of mosques (Basra, 638-639; kufa, 638-639; and fustat, 642) and government buildings. The first mosque was built in Mecca. This area was surrounded by pre Islamic buildings. The Kaaba mosque is the holiest structure of Islam. The earliest mosque is Prophet Mohammad house in Medina which was built in 622CE. This qibla wall was facing toward the direction of Jerusalem. Mohammad house is situated left side of the qibla wall. There were three entrances into the courtyard. The courtyard area was roofed, and the prayer was performed here. After one or one and half years, the qibla wall direction was changed, and was made to face in the direction of Mecca, as it is today. The Medina mosque had social, political and judicial functions, in addition to being the house of the Mohammad family. The religious functions were merged with other functions. Rules of the performing prayer were not decided that time. And in the Koran, the rules had not been given till now. In addition to early mosques of Medina and Mecca, now the cities have contemporary mosques, which are more complex as per the demands and needs of the people and their religion. After the death of Muhammad, mosques became important symbols of Islam. The Muslim conquerors established mosques everywhere. They built the mosque first and later built the military camp around the mosque. The Muslim conquered Medina or Mecca city and constructed mosque in the place. This became the center of the region of Muslim conquered people. Muhammads house was divided into hall and courtyard, which was surrounded by the columned verandah. This was an ideal mosque where the faithful conjunct for prayer, but also one for social assembly and political deliberation. A building without architectural pretensions, it was a hypo style hall and was deep, apparently having three aisles, divided by three rows of nine columns each. The most significant aspect this house offers to Islamic architecture of later was that it provided the orientation (Qibla) of praying area towards the sacred city of Mecca. Evolution The Masjid as a type of architecture intended for congregational prayer did not exist at Mecca before the hijra. In Medina, the stronghold of Islam, however, the two concepts of Musalla and Masjid came to receive distinct interpretations. The controversy among the traditionalists over the performance of prayer in either the Musalla or the Masjid was surrounded around the fact that they were structurally different. Kaaba mosque was the first newly built mosque of Islam and Abraham assisted by his son Ismail, when he found the order of Allah, built the existing foundation. They performed prayers together with their followers at this site. The site of Kaaba was also believed to be place of angles of Adam, erected by Allah and used for worship. The orthodox Caliph leaders were succeeded by the caliph dynasty of the Umayyads (661-750), who were held by many Muslims to be upstarts. After this the philistine people started the taunt type structure. The kaaba was rebuilt in 684 AD and was decorated with mosaic marble, which was collected from Yemen churches. Iranian architectural elements were also used in the building. The location of the mosque was decided by Prophet Muhammad when he did the first time Friday prayer there. He lived beside the masjid in Medina, which was use as doubled purpose as both a religious and political center for the early Muslim community. The Umayyad Mosque is an example of the form of mosque derived from the Prophets house, and was built in (705-715) in Damascus. In the 10th century, different types of mosque started to develop because of influences of local traditional material and techniques of building. Distinctively different types of mosque developed in the different countries. Mosques are usually ornamented with stone, marble, wood carving, patterned brick, mosaic, glass, murals. Contemporary mosques are built using new technologies of construction, and are adopted in most parts of the world, but it is remains traditional in layout. When Islam spreads out of the deserts of Saudi Arabia and into the cities like Damascus and Cairo, the rapidly expanding Muslims population required house for worship to meet their spiritual and social requirements. The mosques that followed are innovative and magnificent examples of architecture, original in their own way with reminensces of their culture. 2.3 Concept of mosque The Space: The mosque comprises of a demarcated space, partly roofed and partly open to sky. This proportion of covered and open space varies from region to region depending on the harshness of the climate. The open space is a court used for performing prayers for large gatherings on occasions. Local community mosque Chapter 3 Local culture and Variation in the Mosque 3.1 Vernacular variation across the World The Islamic world extents its boundary from Spain and West Africa eastwards to as far as China, in south- East Asia. It is therefore not surprising to hear that Muslims comprise around one fifth of the world population and constitute a majority of more than forty nations of the Middle East Asia and Africa. Islam holds a strong position in the world. The religion must not only be powerful by faith and logic but also have charm and beauty to attract such an immense audience to brace the religion and look upon it with awe. There is no other more suitable edifice to depict this elegance and act as symbol of the religion as well as the mosque. In the early day, Islam borrowed features from existing religious and cultural buildings. They gave them harmony with the existing and yet originality and proved beyond doubt that Islamic leaders not only possess the power of assimilation, but that of organization and adaptability as well. These borrowed styles were recognizable at first but the new styles that evolved started forming their own architectural identity and style. In the various new lands, the mosques were built by exploring local traditions and materials available. Each region had with its own craftsmen, their own building methods. Combined with extreme differences in climate, this gave rise to highly disparate styles and each region introduced to the world a diverse style of architecture of their own. Thus it is seen that despite an essential feeling of cultural unity which pervades the entire Islamic world, there exists an investable diversity in the styles of architecture of each region. Generally, the Islamic world had divide in to the eastern and the western regions where one gets influenced by the other. The eastern part of the Muslim world looks to the Persian Language and culture for inspiration. Iran was one of regions which is covered vast area including Central Asia and Afghanistan and spread into the Indian. Initially Iran had accepted Western architectural forms and stemming from Arab style. However with the emergence of local dynasties awareness was created. These divergent styles may be categorized in to five basic types of mosque. These are 1.the hypostyle hall with a flat roof and possibly one or more small domes (as seen in Arabian and African Examples) 2. Building with a very large central space often covered by massive domes provided with lateral support by the weight of hall domes (such as those in the Ottoman style) or having pyramidal pitched roof (as in Indonesia) 3. The layout with an Iwan (vaulted hall) placed each side of a bi-axially divided central rectangular courtyard (as developed in Iran and Central Asia) 4. The triple domed mosque with courtyard (typical of Mughal architecture in India). 5. And finally the walled Complex with a number of pavilions set in the enclosed landscaped spaces (as found in China). Case study of vernacular mosque 1. Great mosque of Djenne in Mali, Africa. Economical Approach (Regional Resources) -1907 The Djenne mosque of Africa is the largest mud brick mosque of the world. This is the famous mosque of Africa and boasts of impressive mud structures. Mud construction is a friendly environment material. Mud is appropriate according to the climate and is less expensive to build with, as it is locally available. Easy construction to create mud mortar and plaster. Palm wood use for the scaffolding and roofs. The walls are thick in size and tapered and provide protection from heat. During the day, the wall absorbed the heat of the sun that is released throughout the night time; this helps to maintaining cool environment during the day time. It also has roofs vents with ceramic cover, which is removed at night to ventilate the interior parts and spaces. 2. Traditional Kampung Hulu Mosque, Malaysia (1728AD) The traditional mosque design of south- East Asia has inspired the simple pyramidal layered roof, which becomes an important element of design. It relies on the roof over hangs with open serambi and the recessed walls to respond to local climate high rain fall Æ’Â   excellent rain water discharge. Wall openings are crucial in the mosque design. The wall openings are at the ground floor and segmented roofs wall level of four-and-a-half storey building. These openings induce natural cross ventilation and stack effect. The emphasis is on cross air ventilation. Recessed wall help tackle the problem of direct exposure from tropical sunlight, luminosity, solar radiation and this concept only works well to block high angle sunlight but not low angle sunlight. VERNACULAR TYPOLOGY IN INDIA Islam arrived in India via the Malabar Coast in 600 AD. It was just about the same time that it was spreading into Arabia. This is not surprising, considering the proximity of the two coastline trade links from pre-Islamic times. Arab merchants traded Indian spice with other parts of the known world. A number of them set up households in the Malabar as well, and it is through them that Islam was introduced into the Indian subcontinent. According to the legend, Malik-ibn Dinar- Mohammads message reached king Crangannur in AD 642-643 on Hijri 22, and the Chera king, Cheraman Perumal to accept Islam. Malik-Ibn-Dinar built the first mosque there. This was followed by eleven more along the coast. These mosques are some of the oldest to be established, not only India but within the Islamic world. South India Kerala Mosques Introduction- Kerala is in the middle of a mosque-building boom. Proposals for new mosques and the redevelopment of older structures have consequences on the urban landscape of this west coast state. Pan- Indian and pan- global influences sweeping across Kerala fuelled by migration to the rest of India and abroad may be the reason for this activity. Traditional mosque of Kerala (vernacular mosque) The traditional mosques in Kerala are different from those in the imperial and provincial Indo- Islamic architecture. In Kerala built form of the mosque derived enough from local domestic building traditions. In traditional dwellings like Nalaketts, the concerns of torrential rain and the need for the ventilation found expression in remarkable roof and wall elements, executed in abundantly available timber. In Kerala, the temple, churches and the Mosque (palli) take from the local architecture evolved from local climate, materials. The mosque was constructed under the guidance of religious leaders whose requirements were functional and simple, using the model of existing places of worship. A traditional mosque in the Malabar comprises of a rectangular prayer hall with a mihrab on the western wall (qibla) and enclosed verandah on the sides that serve as spill over space. A front verandah facing the street becomes a space that often leads to a front hall preceding the main prayer hall. An ablution tank is accommodated on one side. The entire structure is raised on a high plinth/ base, similar to the adhisthana of a temple. The tiled roof has elaborate covered gables. The structural system for the hall is of timber posts, beams, and brackets and often the columns are square or octagonal as in the temple mandapa pillar. Nakhudas or ship builders sculpted the mimbars in many Mosques, representing the very best skills in wood-carving. Mishkaal mosque Kuttichira Most of the Malabar mosques built in the 6th centuries are in Kozhikoda(Kalikat), Mallapuram, Thalassery and cochin. This time the basic building construction material was bamboo. A brief case study of two mosques in Kuttichira, a Mappila neighborhood in Kozhikode is presented here. In Kuttichira, centered on the sacred Kuttichira tankand all mosque of Kuttichira was construced with local timber material. Miskaal palli mosque is having a largest rectangular hall and tiled roofs at fourth levels- housing subsidiary space. The existing building is dated as 1578. It sits in close association with the tank. Not very far is the Jamaat Palli, the Friday mosque, on the other side of the tank. This is smaller in size and at am awkward angle to the narrow street, proclaiming an exact orientation to Mecca. Its front porch is marked by the heavily carved gable; matched by an exquisite timber ceiling, with floral, geometric and calligraphic motifs. It has two light wells, one over the ablution tank and another in side in the prayer hall. The forms of light wells remind us of the four sides. The oldest inscription in the mosque dates from 1480-81 covered on a wooden lintel on the ante chamber. CHERAMAN JUMA MASJID, KODUNGALLAUR. This is the first and oldest mosque of India. The first renovation of the mosque was completed in the 11th century. And later in 1974, the masjid president P.A. Mohammed Sayed added the extension, after demolishing the front portion of the old mosque during renovation. The oldest part of the mosque, including the sanction sanctorum, was left untouched. It was renovated again in 1996 and 2003, by adding extension to accommodate more capacity of 3000 people. While the oldest part will be restored, the desire for a grand size still remains. Surrounded by shops and homes. And a community institution is situated within the building. The original structure did not look like the mosques of the west and rather resembles vernacular buildings. This was double stored with sloping tiled thatched roof. This mosque also does not not look like the mosques of north India, with no calligraphy used on the wall and no minarets found with the mosque. The entrance gate is very simple and inviting. The main room is part of the original structure. This is a very small area for the mosque. Only 15 people can stand in a single row for prayer. The main room was built with old timber, with a big brass lamp hanging from the roof, which may have been a Hindu temple lamp. West JAMA MASJID OF AHMEDABAD Location This is the vernacular mosque of Ahmedabad.it is made of yellow sand stone.This is the oldest mosque of Ahmedabad, built during in 1424 the reign of Ahmad Shah. This mosque is laying in the Mahatma Gandhi Road of teen Darwaza,